According to Scottish historian James Buchan: "In speed and extent, the first Arab conquests were matched only by those of Alexander the Great, and they were more lasting." Īt their height, the territory that was conquered stretched from Iberia (at the Pyrenees) in the west to India (at Sind) in the east Muslim rule spanned Sicily, most of the Middle East and North Africa, and the Caucasus and Central Asia. He established a new unified polity in Arabia that expanded rapidly under the Rashidun Caliphate and the Umayyad Caliphate, culminating in Islamic rule being established across three continents ( Asia, Africa, and Europe). The early Muslim conquests or early Islamic conquests ( Arabic: الْفُتُوحَاتُ الإسْلَامِيَّة, romanized: al-Futūḥāt al-ʾIslāmiyya), more commonly known as the Arab conquests, were initiated in the 7th century by Muhammad, the main Islamic prophet.
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